پژوهشنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی کاربردی
پیاپی 33 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of Royal Jelly as an antioxidant on behavioral disorders of depression and anxiety caused by trimethyltytin toxin and the level of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes in Alzheimer's rats treated with trimethyltin after eight weeks of forced swimming exercise.

The present study was performed experimentally with 48 male rats; 40 of them were induced by Alzheimer's TMT. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: Healthy control, Alzheimer's control, Alzheimer- forced exercise, Alzheimer- sham, Alzheimer- forced exercise- royal jelly and Alzheimer's-Royal Jelly were divided. Forced Swimming Test (FST) for depression assessment and Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) for anxiety assessment were used. The expression of SOD and GPX genes were evaluated by Real Time PCR technique. The 2-ΔΔCT formula was used to quantify the expression values of the target genes. Due to the abnormal distribution of some data, the non-parametric statistical method of Kruskal–Wallis was used by SPSS version 20.

Significant differences in groups with dependent variables (p <0.05) showed that swimming training with Royal Jelly reduced depression and anxiety, and swimming training did not have a significant effect on SOD and GPX. But taking Royal Jelly alone increased the SOD and GPX index.

Trimethylthine administration induced depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. This volume of forced swimming training protocol for Alzheimer's rats does not seem to have a positive effect on antioxidant parameters. However, the positive effect of royal jelly consumption on increasing SOD, GPX was observed, and the use of royal jelly with antioxidant properties and the combination of forced exercise with the use of royal jelly supplement has the ability to modulate mood in the current model, and can be used as a useful method.

Without considering the circadian rhythm of heart rate, previous studies found controversial and incomparable responses of heart rate variability to aerobic exercises. The present study intended to investigate the effect of different aerobic exercise courses with the same volume, which were performed daily or twice-daily at different times of the day, on the autonomic cardiac nervous systems of young, non-athlete men.

48 young, non-athlete men were randomly divided into 4 groups, each group included 12 participants. The first group performed a 60-minute session of aerobic exercise in the morning, while the second one had the same course in the afternoon. Also, the third group had two sessions of aerobic exercise with a 30-minute duration in the morning and afternoon. The fourth one was the control group, having no intervention. The exercise courses were performed daily for 3 consecutive weeks, with the intensity of 60% of the maximum heart rate. The heart rate variability parameters, including the SDNN, rMSSD, LF, HF, LF/HF, SD1, SD2, and SD2/SD1, were assessed using a Holter monitor. The multivariate analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test were used for data analysis.

Aerobic exercises had significant effects on all the heart rate variability parameters (p = 0.01). The daily morning course could increase the SDNN, rMSSD, SD1, and SD2 while decreasing the LF. The daily afternoon course led to an increased HF and decreased LF/HF. Also, the twice-daily course led to a more prominent decreasing effect on the SD2/SD1 compared to the other exercise groups (p = 0.01).

It was highly probable that the daily morning exercise course had better effects on the cardiac autonomic system function.
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Open and closed-skill exercises have different effects on cognition and memory in humans. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of a resistance training session and a wrestling training session on serum levels of Cathepsin B, Irisin, BDNF and Doublecortin in female wrestlers.

In this quasi-experimental study, 11 female wrestlers (age: 21.18±2.89 years, weight: 62.18±8.41 kg, height: 167.00±3.97 cm) voluntarily participated. The wrestling training and resistance training sessions each lasted for 1 hour. There was a week between two training sessions. Blood samples were taken 5 min before and after both exercise sessions. ELISA kits were used to measure serum levels of Cathepsin B, Irisin, BDNF and Doublecortin. Data were analyzed using paired samples t-test and ANCOVA and level of significant was set at p<0.05.

The results showed that serum concentrations of BDNF, DCX and Cathepsin B increased significantly after both training sessions (p<0.05). Also, the results of covariance test showed that serum levels of BDNF and DCX after wrestling training session increased significantly more than resistance training session (p<0.05) and serum Cathepsin B level significantly increased after resistance training session more than the wrestling training session (p<0.05). Also, after both training sessions, serum levels of Irisin did not change significantly.

It seems that open and closed-skill exercises have different effects on serum levels of factors related to cognitive function, learning and memory. Therefore, it is recommended to use open-skill exercise along with resistance training to improve these functions.

Diabetes causes cardiovascular disorders and causes coronary artery disease or systemic hypertension. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B) gene expression and total antioxidant status (TAS) of cardiac tissue in diabetic male rats.

This experimental study was performed on 30 adult male Wistar rats and divided into 3 groups of Diabetic training, Diabetic control and healthy control (n = 10). Diabetic rats were diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The exercise program consisted of 6 weeks of treadmill training. After 24 hours of the last training session to examine the effect of exercise, cardiac tissue samples were extracted to measure VEGF-B gene expression and TAS. One-way ANOVA with statistical level (P˂0.05) was used to compare between groups and significant differences between groups.

Results showed after a period of endurance training there was a significant increase in VEGF-B gene expression and total antioxidant status in the exercise-treated diabetic group compared to control diabetes (P = 0.001). However, no significant difference (P = 0.364) and significant difference (P = 0.033) were observed for VEGF-B gene expression level and antioxidant status between diabetic training and healthy control diabetic groups, respectively.

It seems that endurance training has a positive effect on VEGF-B and TAS of diabetic heart rats and can improve diabetic heart.

Whole body vibration (WBV) exercises appear to be an effective alternative to improving physical function in the elderly. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of whole body vibration exercises and rope skipping training with two different intensities on electromyography indices of elderly men.

36 elderly men (mean age 65.8 ± 4.2 years; height 169.3 ±3.9 cm; mass 77.1 ± 4.6 kg; body mass index 26.9±0.7 kg.m2) were selected by purposive and available sampling method and randomly divided into three groups of high intensity (N=12), low intensity (N =12), and control (N =10). Vibration exercises were performed with a frequency of 40 Hz and 25 Hz, with a range of 3 mm . In rope training, intensity was applied with 30-35 jumps per minute for both groups. Electromyographic indices of biceps brachii, triceps brachii, rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles including activation of the ratio of agonist and antagonist muscles, muscle amplitude, and average muscle power frequency were calculated in the pre-test and at the end of eight weeks.

The electromyographic indices in the high intensity and low intensity training groups showed a significant improvement compared to the control group (p≤0.05). There was no significant difference between the two training groups in any of the variables (p>0.05).

The both the intensity of the combined vibration-rope programs have improved the function of electrical muscle activity in the upper and lower limbs of older men.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of six weeks intense interval training on cardiac autonomic nervous system activity and pulmonary function.

20 sedentary males in Ardabil participated voluntarily in the present study and were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in an intense interval training program for six weeks, 3 sessions per week (90-second activities with 60 seconds rest between activities). Heart rate variability and pulmonary function indices were measured before and after six weeks of exercise in both groups.

SDNN, RMSSD, HF and LF indices and FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC pulmonary function indices increased significantly after six weeks of intense interval training in the experimental group (P <0.05). Also, the results of analysis of covariance for these indicators except than RMSSD showed a significant difference between the post-test of the experimental and control groups (P <0.05).

The results of the present study indicate that six weeks intense interval training leads to improved cardiac autonomic nervous system function and pulmonary function in sedentary males.

Due to the importance of estrogen reduction during menopause and its relationship with NAFLD as well as the effect of exercise and calorie restriction on improving the risk factors for this disease, in this study the effect of aerobic training and calorie restriction on liver steatosis and hormonal changes in Postmenopausal Women with NAFLD was evaluated.

24 non-athlete women with type 1 non-alcoholic fatty liver (aged 53.00±2.77 years, BMI 29.64±1.38 Kg/m2) participated in this study. The Subjects were divided into 3 groups: aerobic training (EX: n=8), calorie restriction (CR: n=8) and combination (EX+CR: n=8). In the calorie restriction group, 25% of each subject’s daily energy requirement was reduced for 12 weeks. In the aerobic training group, 25% increase in energy expenditure through aerobic exercise was considered.

plasma estrogen and serum insulin levels in the calorie restriction group(-7.91%, -19.23%) and combined(-7.03%, -25.65%)decreased significantly(p < 0.05). Only in the combined group, the levels of cholesterol(-7.94%)and triglycerides(-9.58 %)showed a significant decrease(p < 0.05). There was no significant change in HDL levels in any of the groups after 12 weeks. all three groups significantly reduced the LDL levels(-2.41%, -1.54%, -2.27%),fasting glucose(-1.99%, -5.65,-6.99%),insulin resistance(-11.32%, -23.38%, -30.96%),and hepatic steatosis(-14.50%, -6.22% , -5.90%)(p <0.05).

aerobic exercise combined with calorie restriction can lead to more effective changes in improving lipid profile, and metabolic control, and aerobic exercise is more effective in maintaining estrogen and improving hepatic steatosis. Therefore it is recommended to use a combination of aerobic exercise along with calorie restriction in the treatment process.

Muscle strength and maximal speed are factors determining athlete’s results during competition. The association between ACTN3, VDR and ADRB1 genes with muscle strength has been reported. The aim of this case report was to report new variants in power-related genes in an elite weightlifter using whole exome sequencing.

After obtaining a written testimonial participated in this study from a 32-year-old man, who is a member of the Iranian national weightlifting team, 5 cc of blood was taken and then DNA was extracted. DNA samples were analyzed using the whole exome sequencing method. Whole exome sequencing analysis revealed missense mutations (66327673G>A and 66328095T>C) in ACTN3, (48272895A>G) in VDR and (115805056G>C and 115804036A>G) in ADRB1genes.

Whole exome sequencing analysis of the elite weightlifter revealed new missense mutations in muscle power/strength related gens. However new researches with a larger sample size are required to examine the relationship between these variants and elite athletes’ performance.

Breast cancer is the major cause of mortality for women and is wide spread among them. Angiogenesis plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis. The effect of exercise training on the inhibition or reduction of angiogenesis in tumor tissue is not clear. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the adjuvant therapy effects of High Intensive Intermittent Training on the expression of angiogenesis factors P53 and SRF in breast cancer tumor tissue.

Sixteen Bulb/c mouses were obtained and randomly divided into two groups of control and High Intensive Intermittent Training- Tumor .After daptation to the environment, murine Adenocarcinoma-type cancer cells were injected into all micses. Two weeks after injection, HIIT group mouses were exposed to treadmill for one week.Then HIIT-Tumor group performed their training protocol in six weeks long, three sessions per week and each session lasting for 60 minutes. Rats were anesthetized and sacrificed 48 hours after completion of the protocol. Tumor tissues were isolated and stored at -70˚C. The RNA extraction steps were performed according to the TRIzol protocol made by Invitrogen Company and cDNA was made according to cDNA synthesis kit instruction. Real Time - PCR steps were performed according to Saber-Green instructions and data were collected.

The study data showed that, HIIT decreased SRF by 5.27-fold and caused a 5.97_fold increase in P53, compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.01).

HIIT exercise suppresses tumor growth and inhibits cancer progression by reducing SRF and increasing P53.

the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of intense continuous and intermittent exercise with crocin on AP-1 and NF-kb levels in obese Wistar rats. The present study was an experimental study that was conducted as an experimental and control group. In this study, 42 male Spragodwali rats were used. Mice over 310 g were considered obese mice. In order to prepare crocin, first the prepared crocin powder was purchased and then every day, 495 mg of crocin was combined with 18 ml of physiological serum and daily in a certain amount with insulin syringe, intraperitoneally to mice. Field was injected.The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of crocin use had a significant effect on reducing Nfkb and AP-1 gene expression levels in mice. The results also showed that eight weeks of endurance training had a significant effect on reducing AP-1 expression, however, the effect of intense intermittent training was greater than that of low-intensity continuation. Endurance training had no effect on reducing Nfkb in heart tissue. Eight weeks of endurance training and crocin consumption decreased AP-1 gene expression levels, but the interaction between endurance training and crocin consumption in reducing Nfkb gene expression levels in the heart tissue of obese rats was not significant. Eight weeks of endurance training and crocin use reduced AP-1 gene expression levels. The interaction of endurance training and crocin consumption in reducing Nfkb gene expression levels in the heart tissue of obese rats was not significant.

A growing body of evidence suggests that carbohydrate mouth rinse (CMR) can enhance endurance performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CMR on time to exhaustion and muscle electromyographic activity of female athletes during one bout of sub-maximal cycling task.

Ten active females visited the laboratory on 3 different occasions. In the first visit, peak power output was measured and within the second and third visit, each subject completed one bout of cycling task at 65% of peak power output until exhaustion under either CMR or placebo condition. Blood lactate and glucose were measured before and immediately after the termination of the task. During the task, heart rate, RPE, and electrical activity of the right Vastus lateralis (VL) and Rectus femoris (RF) muscles were recorded within the specified time.

The results showed a significant improvement in time to exhaustion under CMR compared to the placebo condition (p=0.007). The electrical activity of the VL muscle was significantly higher under CMR compared to the placebo condition (p=0.0001). On the other hand, no significant difference was seen in the electrical activity of the Rectus Femoris muscle, blood glucose, lactate, RPE, and heart rate between the two conditions (p˃0.05).

In conclusion, these results indicated that CMR could be seen as a strategy to boost endurance performance in female athletes. Besides, it seems that such an effect is mediated by CNS-related mechanisms rather than those related to carbohydrate metabolic pathways.

The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular recovery after running on a treadmill with different intensities with N95 and surgery masks in middle-aged men.

72 healthy men were randomly divided into six groups: 1. Surgery + submaximal, 2. N95 + submaximal, 3. Surgery + maximal, 4. N95 + maximal, 5. Sub maximal without mask, 6. Maximal without mask. The sub-maximal and maximal exercise protocols included running at a speed of 1.34 m / s with 5% for 20 minutes on a treadmill and a modified Bruce test, respectively.

Hemodynamic factors were measured before, immediately, 1, 3 and 5 minutes after exercise. Analysis of variance in repeated measures was used to analyze the data. Changes in heart rate, systolic pressure, and myocardial oxygen consumption during the recovery period after exercise were not significant in groups with the same activity (maximal or submaximal) with or without masking conditions. Heart rate was significantly higher in N95MAX vs. SURMAX at 1 min after maximal exercise. HR, SBP, and DP were significantly lower immediately after anaerobic exercise within 1 and 2 min of the post recovery period.

Our results showed that facial masks with exercise in healthy individuals can be used during COVID-19 pandemic disease, without having negative effects on postoperative cardiac recovery performance.